XXXI, No. [105], The Arthashastra theories are similar with some and in contrast to other alternate theories on war and peace in the ancient Indian tradition. VIBHU ACADEMY offers an online course titled Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Study. The First Great Political Realist is a succinct and penetrating analysis of one of the ancient world's foremost political realists, Kautilya. Kautilya’s work Arthashastra belongs to the tradition of dandashasra. [139] Kautilya asserts in Arthashastra that, "the ultimate source of the prosperity of the kingdom is its security and prosperity of its people", a view never mentioned in Machiavelli's text. With that, Kautilya entered the discursive space of academic Indology. Authorship, date of writing, and structure, The need for law, economics and government, Officials, advisors and checks on government, Causes of impoverishment, lack of motivation and disaffection among people, Book on strategy anticipating all scenarios, The girl, notes Olivelle (2013), may marry a man of equal status or any status (no mention of caste, the original Sanskrit text does not use the word, Rangarajan (1992), however, translates the verse to "same varna or another varna". These two books formed the basis of the research. Many later day authorities including Dandin, the author of Panchtantra (Vishnu Sharma) and Banabhatta attribute the authorship of Arthashastra to Kautilya or Chanakya. Avoid war. [118], All means to win a war are appropriate in the Arthashastra, including assassination of enemy leaders, sowing discord in its leadership, engagement of covert men and women in the pursuit of military objectives and as weapons of war, deployment of accepted superstitions and propaganda to bolster one's own troops or to demoralize enemy soldiers, as well as open hostilities by deploying kingdom's armed forces. [147], Thomas Trautmann states that the Arthashastra in chapter 3.9 does recognize the concept of land ownership rights and other private property, and requires the king to protect that right from seizure or abuse. [70] Those officials who lack integrity must be arrested. The first edition of Kautilya’s Arthashastra, was published in by Jaico Publishing House and is available in paperback. Spellings from quotes and titles from reference will appear as … [148] The Arthashastra states that if someone wants to sell land, the owner's kins, neighbors and creditors have first right of purchase in that order, and only if they do not wish to buy the land for a fair competitive price, others and strangers can bid to buy. A manuscript of the treatise on politics and governance, believed to have been written circa 4th century BC, was found and identified by Rudrapatna Shamashastry, a refined scholar of Sanskrit who was the librarian and later the curator of the institute. Three names for the text's author are used in various historical sources: Olivelle states that the oldest layer of text, the "sources of the Kauṭilya", dates from the period 150 BCE – 50 CE. In the absence of governance, the strong will swallow the weak. The entire book has about 5,300 sentences on politics, governance, welfare, economics, protecting key officials and king, gathering intelligence about hostile states, forming strategic alliances, and conduct of war, exclusive of its table of contents and the last epilogue-style book. This text is a guidebook for a king/ruler to acquire, govern, protect, sustain and make his kingdom/ruling territory prosperous. 1, pages 101-108. Kautilya was a key adviser to Chandragupta Maurya who ruled from 322-298 B.C. To undermine a ruling oligarchy, make chiefs of the [enemy's] ruling council infatuated with women possessed of great beauty and youth. Ina few years after the newly discovered Arthashastra manuscript’s translation was first published, Max Weber stated:. VIBHU ACADEMY offers an online course titled Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Study. [139][88] Elsewhere, the text values not just powerless human life, but even animal life and suggests in Book 2 that horses and elephants be given food, when they become incapacitated from old age, disease or after war.[88]. [77] Book 4 is a treatise on criminal law, where the king or officials acting on his behalf, take the initiative and start the judicial process against acts of crime, because the crime is felt to be a wrong against the people of the state. [122] The Arthashastra states that protecting the consumer must be an important priority for the officials of the kingdom.[123]. Kautilya’s Arthasastra is a treatise on artha and sastra. [52][54] The Kautilya text thereafter asserts that it is the Vedas that discuss what is Dharma (right, moral, ethical) and what is Adharma (wrong, immoral, unethical), it is the Varta that explain what creates wealth and what destroys wealth, it is the science of government that illuminates what is Nyaya (justice, expedient, proper) and Anyaya (unjust, inexpedient, improper), and that it is Anvishaki (philosophy)[58] that is the light of these sciences, as well as the source of all knowledge, the guide to virtues, and the means to all kinds of acts. The Oriental Research Institute was set up in 1891, as the Mysore Oriental Library. Original title: Kauṭilya-Arthaśāstra (कौटिल्य-अर्थशास्त्र). This includes the Spitzer Manuscript (c. 200 CE) discovered near Kizil in China and the birch bark scrolls now a part of the Bajaur Collection (1st to 2nd century CE) discovered in the ruins of a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Buddhist site in 1999, state Harry Falk and Ingo Strauch. [10] Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE,[11] the Arthashastra was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. JS Rajput (2012), Seven Social Sins: The Contemporary Relevance, Allied, Roger Boesche (2003), Kautilya's Arthaśāstra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, The Journal of Military History, Volume 67, Number 1, pages 9-37, Dany Shoham and Michael Liebig. [138], More recent scholarship has disagreed with the characterization of Arthashastra as "Machiavellianism". Activity of a King preparing to March into Battle, Conduct toward Confederacies, 1 chapter, Topics 160-161, On the Weaker King, 5 chapters, Topics 162-170, Means of Capturing a Fort, 5 chapters, Topics 171-176, On Esoteric Practices, 4 chapters, Topics 177-179, Organization of a Scientific Treatise, 1 chapter, Topic 180, Mentioned in season 5 episode 22 of the TV show, Mentioned in season 3 Episode 1 of the TV show, Mentioned in season 3 episode 5 of the TV show, Shoham, Dany, and Michael Liebig. Arthashastra states that forests be protected and recommends that the state treasury be used to feed animals such as horses and elephants that are too old for work, sick or injured. Of course, I would always recommend buying the book so you get the latest edition. ", This page was last edited on 25 March 2021, at 14:29. [145] Boesche is not summarily critical and adds: Kautilya's Arthashastra depicts a bureaucratic welfare state, in fact some kind of socialized monarchy, in which the central government administers the details of the economy for the common good...In addition, Kautilya offers a work of genius in matters of foreign policy and welfare, including key principles of international relations from a realist perspective and a discussion of when an army must use cruel violence and when it is more advantageous to be humane. [73][74], Anywhere, states Arthashastra in verse 7.5.22, where people are fined or punished or harassed when they ought not to be harassed, where those that should be punished are not punished, where those people are apprehended when they ought not be, where those who are not apprehended when they ought to, the king and his officials cause distress and disaffection. [13], The title Arthashastra is often translated to "the science of wealth" (अर्थ),[14][15] but the book Arthashastra has a broader scope. The Arthashastra , and the legend concerning its composition, stimulated a Du Boisian fantasy of global leadership, one that parallels the contemporary recuperation of the Arthashastra for power politics. [21], The Arthashastra explores issues of social welfare, the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate public projects such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text of this great book includes 15 books, each addressing one topic pertaining to the state and its economy. [89], In topic 35, the text recommends that the "Superintendent of Forest Produce" appointed by the state for each forest zone be responsible for maintaining the health of the forest, protecting forests to assist wildlife such as elephants (hastivana), but also producing forest products to satisfy economic needs, products such as Teak, Palmyra, Mimosa, Sissu, Kauki, Sirisha, Catechu, Latifolia, Arjuna, Tilaka, Tinisa, Sal, Robesta, Pinus, Somavalka, Dhava, Birch, bamboo, hemp, Balbaja (used for ropes), Munja, fodder, firewood, bulbous roots and fruits for medicine, flowers. The topics of the text include internal and foreign affairs, civil, military, commercial, fiscal, judicial, tables of weights, measures of length and divisions of time. IN COLLECTIONS. SHOW ALL. Wanneer het werk precies geschreven werd is onbekend, maar volgens de traditie was de auteur Kautilya of Chanakya , de leraar, mentor en minister van keizer Chandragupta Maurya (regeerde 320-297 v.Chr. Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a well written rendering of the original book by master statesman Chanakya whose visionary postulates are relevant even today. 3 The Kautiliya Arthashastra, part 1 by R.P.Kangle is a reproduction of the original text in Sanskrit language (primary source). Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Kautilya's Arthashastra. [105][136] Its ideas helped create one of the largest empires in South Asia, stretching from the borders of Persia to Bengal on the other side of the Indian subcontinent, with its capital Pataliputra twice as large as Rome under Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin. The root of happiness is Dharma (ethics, righteousness), the root of Dharma is Artha (economy, polity), the root of Artha is right governance, the root of right governance is victorious inner-restraint, the root of victorious inner-restraint is humility, the root of humility is serving the aged. Punishment for various crimes, planned warfare, elaborate spy networks, and welfare duties of a king are also described in great detail. [146], Scholars disagree on how to interpret the document. In the presence of governance, the weak resists the strong. He is considered the author of the Arthashastra, meaning a texts on wealth. MV Krishna Rao (1958, Reprinted 1979), Studies in Kautilya, 2nd Edition, S Set (2015), Ancient Wisdom for the Modern World: Revisiting Kautilya and his Arthashastra in the Third Millennium, Strategic Analysis, Volume 39, Issue 6, pages 710-714, BS Sihag (2004), Kautilya on the scope and methodology of accounting, organizational design and the role of ethics in ancient India, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol 31, Number 2, pages 125-148, Origin Story, A big history of everything, KAZ03.1.41 - KAZ03.1.43 Transliterated Arthashastra, The Place of the Emperor Asoka in Ancient Indian Political Thought, The Structure and Principles of Public Organization in Kautilya's Arthashastra, Ancient Indian Kingship from the Religious Point of View (Continued and Ended), Strategic Planning 2300 Years Ago: The Strategy of Kautilya, "India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA", "Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthashastra&oldid=1014159337, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, R.P. [124] Historian of economic thought Joseph Spengler notes: Kautilya's discussion of taxation and expenditure gave expression to three Indian principles: taxing power [of state] is limited; taxation should not be felt to be heavy or exclusive [discriminatory]; tax increases should be graduated. To register: Send an email to vibhuacademy@gmail.com. [25] A copy of the Arthashastra in Sanskrit, written on palm leaves, was presented by a Tamil Brahmin from Tanjore to the newly opened Mysore Oriental Library headed by Benjamin Lewis Rice. [52] It lists the school of Brihaspati, the school of Usanas, the school of Manu and itself as the school of Kautilya as examples.[53][54]. [126], Agriculture on privately owned land was taxed at the rate of 16.67%, but the tax was exempted in cases of famine, epidemic, and settlement into new pastures previously uncultivated and if damaged during a war. SHOW ALL. [52][54] The school of Manu asserts, states Arthashastra, that there are three fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the science of government and the science of economics (Varta of agriculture, cattle and trade) because these three support each other, and all other sciences are special branch of the Vedas.[52][54]. A notable structure of the treatise is that while all chapters are primarily prose, each transitions into a poetic verse towards its end, as a marker, a style that is found in many ancient Hindu Sanskrit texts where the changing poetic meter or style of writing is used as a syntax code to silently signal that the chapter or section is ending. [73][74], A state, asserts Arthashastra text in verses 7.5.24 - 7.5.25, where courageous activity is denigrated, quality of accomplishments are disparaged, pioneers are harmed, honorable men are dishonored, where deserving people are not rewarded but instead favoritism and falsehood is, that is where people lack motivation, are distressed, become upset and disloyal. [148], The text dedicates Book 3 and 4 to economic laws, and a court system to oversee and resolve economic, contracts and market-related disputes. When the degree of progress is the same in … Olivelle states that the surviving manuscripts of the Arthashastra are the product of a transmission that has involved at least three major overlapping divisions or layers, which together consist of 15 books, 150 chapters and 180 topics. He provides precise annual rainfall figures for these historical regions in the text. [110] A prudent state, states the text, must expect that its enemies seek information and are spying inside its territory and spreading propaganda, and therefore it must train and reward double agents to gain identity about such hostile intelligence operations. The text of this great book includes 15 books, each addressing one topic pertaining to the state and its economy. when they are harassed by thieves, vicious animals, poison, crocodiles or sickness [105] After success in a war by the victorious just and noble state, the text argues for humane treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects. [3]. The Arthashastra then posits its own theory that there are four necessary fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the Anvikshaki (philosophy of Samkhya, Yoga and Lokayata),[note 2] the science of government and the science of economics (Varta of agriculture, cattle and trade). The Arthashastra dedicates many chapters on the need, methods and goals of secret service, and how to build then use a network of spies that work for the state. info)) was an ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and royal advisor. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. "The intelligence dimension of Kautilyan statecraft and its implications for the present. [81][82], In chapter 3.4, the text gives the right to a woman that she may remarry anyone if she wants to, if she has been abandoned by the man she was betrothed to, if she does not hear back from him for three menstrual periods, or if she does hear back and has waited for seven menses. ... Originals , 2010, Volume I, p.261. The school of Usanas asserts, states the text, that there is only one necessary knowledge, the science of government because no other science can start or survive without it. Understand the opponent and seek to outwit him. Preface Both Kautilya the preceptor and his masterwork the Arthashastra are much misunderstood. The bride is given the maximum property inheritance rights when the parents select the groom and the girl consents to the selection (Brahma marriage), and minimal if bride and groom marry secretly as lovers (Gandharva marriage) without the approval of her father and her mother. [52][54] He says of government in general: Without government, rises disorder as in the Matsya nyayamud bhavayati (proverb on law of fishes). 08 Apr 2020. The first chapter o… Every Sunday from 6pm to 8 pm. [6] Some scholars believe them to be the same person,[7] while most have questioned this identification. [25][26], During 1923–1924, Julius Jolly and Richard Schmidt published a new edition of the text, which was based on a Malayalam script manuscript in the Bavarian State Library. Kautilya’s Arthashastra: The Origin of Statistical Economics During -4CE information cannot be known, not even in principle, at the time of making many important decisions.” The Kautiliya Arthashastra, part 2 by R.P.Kangle is an English translation. Arthashastra by Kautilya Translated into English from Sanskrit by R. Shamasastry Bangalore Government Press 1915 eBookbrowser: Click here for eBook Chanakya lived from 350 to 283 BC and was a scholar, teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, … Kautilya's treatise Arthashastra stands as one of the great political books of the ancient world, its ideas on the science of politics strikingly similar to those of Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Clausewitz, and even Sun Tsu.
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